Recent progress in the study of early mining and metallurgy in the British Isles
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Published
Jan 28, 2022
Abstract
This paper summarises some of the progress made in the study of non-ferrous mining and extractive metallurgy in the British Isles in prehistory during the last five years since the publication of the proceedings of the Plas Tan y Bwlch conference (Crew and Crew 1990) up to the conference on Bronze Age Copper Mining held at Bangor on the 15th-18th of September 1995, organised jointly by the British Museum and the Early Mines Research Group. Despite very real advances, there still remain significant lacunae in all aspects of our comprehension of this still new area of prehistoric investigation.
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References
Adams, DR, 'The Mines of Llanymynech Hill' Account no 14, Shropshire Caving and Mining Club, 1991.
Ambers J, 'Radiocarbon, calibration and early rnining', in P Crew and S Crew (eds) Early Mining in the British Isles (Maentwrog 1990), 59-63.
Bamberger M and Wiencerz P, 'Ancient smelting of oxide copper ore', in B Rothenberg (ed), The Ancient Metallurgy of Copper (London 1990), 123-156.
Bewley RH, Longworth I H, Browne S, Huntley J P and Varndell G, 'Excavation of a Bronze Age Cemetery at Ewanrigg, Maryport, Cumbria', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58 (1992), 325-54.
Bick D, 'Note on the Darren Mine and its origins', Archaeology in Wales 28 (1988), 88.
Bick D and Davies P W, Lewis Morris and the Cardiganshire Mines (Aberystwyth 1994).
Bird J B, 'The 'Copper Man': A Prehistoric Miner and his Tools from Northern Chile', in E P Benson (ed) Pre-Columbian Metallurgy of South America (Dumbarton Oaks 1979), 105-32.
Blick C R, Early Metallurgical Sites in Great Britain (London 1991).
Briggs CS, 'Copper Mining at Mount Gabriel, Co. Cork: Bronze Age bonanza or post-Famine fiasco', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 49 (1983), 317-35.
Buchwald V Fand Mosdal G, Meteoritic iron, telluric iron and wrought iron in Greenland (Copenhagen 1985).
Buckley A and Earl B, 'Preliminary Report on the Tin and Iron Working Site at Crift Farm', Journal of the Trevithick Society 17 (1990), 66-77.
Budd P, 'Recasting the Bronze Age", New Scientist (October 1993), 33-7.
Budd P, Gale D, Pollard AM, Thomas R G, and Williams P A, 'The early development of metallurgy in the British Isles', Antiquity 66 (1992), 677-86.
Budd P, Gale D, Ixer RAF, and Thomas R G, 'Tin sources for prehistoric bronze production in Ireland', Antiquity 68 (1994), 518-24.
Budd P and Gale D, 'Archaeological survey of an early mine working at Wheal Coates, near St. Agnes, Cornwall', Cornish Archaeology 33 (1994), 14-21.
Craddock B, The experimental hafting of stone mining hammers, in P Crew and S Crew (eds) Early Mining in the British Isles (Maentwrog 1990), 58.
Craddock B, Notes on Stone Hammers, in T D Ford and L Willies (ed), Mining Before Powder (Matlock Bath, 1994), 28-30.
Craddock PT, 'Metalworking Techniques', in S Youngs (ed), The Work of Angels (London 1989).
Craddock PT, 'Copper Production in Bronze Age Britain', in C Eluere and J-P Mohen (eds), Decouverte du Metal (Paris 1991), 197-213.
Craddock PT, 'Copper Production in the Bronze Age of the British Isles', Bulletin of the Metals Museum of the Japan Institute of Metals 18(2) (1992a), 3-28.
Craddock P T, 'A Short History of Firesetting', Endeavour 16(3) (1992b), 145-9.
Craddock PT, 'Bronze Age Mining in the British Isles', in H Steuer and U Zimmermann (eds), Montanarchäologie in Europa (Sigmaringen 1993a), 37-56.
Craddock PT, 'Prehistoric Copper Mining and Smelting in Western Europe', in R Francovich (ed), Archeologia delle Attivita Estrattive e Metallurgiche (Firenze 1993b), 305-28.
Craddock PT, Early Mining and Meta[ Production (Edinburgh 1995).
Craddock P T and Craddock B R, The Inception of Metallurgy in South-west Britain: Hypotheses and Evidence, in Prehistoric Extractive Metallurgy in Cornwall (Truro forthcoming).
Craddock PT and Gale D, 'Evidence for Early Mining and Extractive Metallurgy in the British Isles', in E A Slater and J O Tate (eds), Science and Archaeology, Glasgow 1987 (Oxford 1988), 175-92.
Craddock PT and Meeks ND, 'Iron in Ancient Copper', Archaeometry 29 (1987), 187-204.
Crew P and Crew S (eds), Early Mining in the British Isles (Maentwrog 1990).
Dibben N J, 'Alderley Edge Mines: The Historic Period: - Exploration and Survey', National Trust Abstracts III (London 1994).
Dutton A and Fasham P J, 'Prehistoric copper mining on the Great Orme, Llandudno, Gwynedd', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 60 (1994), 245-86.
Fleming A, The Dartmoor Reeves (London 1988).
Ford T D and Willies L (eds), Mining Before Powder (Matlock Bath 1994).
Gale D, 'Prehistoric mining at Alderley Edge', Cheshire Past 2 (Chester 1993).
Gale D, 'Alderley Edge Mines: Prehistoric Copper Mining: the 1991 Project', National Trust Abstracts III (London 1994).
Gamer A, Prag J and Housley R, "The Alderley Edge Shovel', Current Archaeology 12(5) (1994), 172-75.
Gibson A, 'Excavations at the Sam-y-bryn caled Cursus Complex', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 60 (1994), 143-224, analyses in microfiche 34-5.
Greeves T, Dartmoor from the Air (Exeter 1985).
Greeves T, 'Tin stamping and smelting at Upper Merrivale Devon', in T D Ford and L Willies (eds) Mining Before Powder (Matlock Bath 1994), 76-80.
Guilbert G, 'Hammer Stones from Ecton Copper Mine', in T D Ford and L Willies (eds), Mining Before Powder (Matlock Bath 1994), 26-7.
Hicklin J, Handbook to Llandudno and its vicinity (London 1863).
Hubert F, 'Minieres neolithiques a Jandrain-Jandrenouille en Brabant', Archeologica Belgica 167 (1974), 5-45.
Jackson J S, 'Bronze Age copper mines on Mt. Gabriel, West County Cork, Ireland", Archaeologia Austriaca 43 (1968), 92-114.
Jackson J S, 'Metallic ores in Irish prehistory: copper and tin', in M Ryan (ed), The Origins of Metallurgy in Atlantic Europe (Dublin 1976), 107-125.
Jackson J S, 'Bronze Age copper mining in Counties Cork and Kerry, Ireland', in PT Craddock (ed), Scientific Studies in Early Mining and Extractive Metallurgy (London 1980), 9-30.
James D, 'Prehistoric Copper Mining on the Great Orme's Head', in J Ellis-Jones (ed), Aspects of Ancient Mining and Metallurgy (Bangor 1988), 115-21.
Jenkins DA and Johnson DB, 'Abandoned metal mines: a unique mineralogical and microbiological resource', Journal of the Russell Society 5 (1993), 40-4.
Jenkins DA, and Lewis CA, 'Prehistoric mining for copper in the Great Orme, Llandudno' in P Budd et al (eds), Archaeological Sciences 1989 (Oxford 1991), 151-61.
Jones O T, Lead and Zinc: The mining district of North Cardiganshire and West Montgomeryshire, Memoirs of the Geological Survey Special Reports on the Mineral Resources of Great Britain (London 1922).
Langenscheidt A, 'Bosquejo de la mineria prehispanica de Mexico', Quipu 2(1) (1985), 37-58.
Langenscheidt A, Historia Minima da Ja Mineria en Ja Sierra Gorda (Windsor, Mexico 1988).
Lewis A, 'Underground exploration of the Great Orme copper mines' in P Crew and S Crew (eds), Early Mining in the British Isles, (Maentwrog 1990), 5-10.
Lewis A, 'Bronze Age Mines of the Great Orme' in T D Ford and L Willies (eds), Mining Before Powder (Matlock Bath 1994), 31-6.
Lewis A, 'Early Mining at the Great Orme's Headland: some observations and implications', in Ore to Artefacts: Papers Given in Honour of H.N. Savory, (Cardiff forthcoming).
Lewis A and Wayman M L, 'The Great Orme Bronze Age Mining Centre', Canadian Institute of Mining Bulletin 85(961) (1992), 73-5.
Matheson I, 'Coniston field visit', in T D Ford and L Willies (eds), Mining Before Powder (Matlock Bath 1994), 113-5.
Maxfield VA (ed), Prehistoric Dartmoor in its Context (Torquay 1979).
McDonnell G, 'Further investigations at Crift Farm, Lanlivery', Journal of the Trevithick Society 20 (1993), 48-50.
Migal Wand Kaminski G, 'Ventilation of neolithic mines: an experimental study', Archeologie Aujourd'hui, Archaeolgie Experimentale 2 (nd), 146-52.
Mighall TM, 'Copa Hill, Cwmystwyth: Preliminary Paleoecological Observations', in P Crew and S Crew (eds) Early Mining in the British Isles (Maentwrog 1990), 65.
Mighall T M and Chambers FM, 'The environmental impact of ironworking at Bryn y Castell hillfort, Merioneth', Archaeology in Wales 29 (1989), 17-21.
Mighall TM, Blackford J J and Chambers FM, 'Bryn y Castell - Late Bronze Age clearances or climatic change?', Archaeology in Wales 30 (1990), 14-16.
Mighall TM and Chambers FM, 'The environmental impact of prehistoric mining at Copa Hill, Cymystwyth, Wales', The Holocene 3(3) (1993a), 260-4.
Mighall TM and Chambers FM, 'Early mining and metalworking: its impact on the environment', Historical Metallurgy 27(2) (1993b), 71-83.
Mook WG, 'Business meeting: Recommendations/Resolutions adopted by the 12th International Radiocarbon Conference', Radiocarbon 28(2B) (1986), 799.
Musson CR, The Breidden Hillfort (London 1991).
Musson CR and Northover J P, 'Llanmynech Hillfort', Montgomeryshire Collections 11 (1989), 15-26.
Musson CR, Britnell W, Northover J P and Salter C J, 'Excavations and metal-working at Llwyn Bryn-dinas hillfort, Llangedwyn, Clwyd', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58 (1992), 265-84.
Needham S P and Hook DR, 'Lead and lead alloys in the Bronze Age', in E A Slater and J O Tate (eds), Science and Archaeology Glasgow 1987 (Oxford 1988), 259-74.
Northover J P, 'The analysis of Welsh Bronze Age metalwork', in H N Savory, Guide Catalogue to the Bronze Age Collections of the National Museum of Wales (Cardiff 1980), 229-43.
O'Brien W, 'Early Metallurgy in Cork and Kerry', in E Shee-Twohig and M Ronayne (eds), Past Perceptions: the Prehistoric Archaeology of South-West Ireland (Cork 1993), 85-92.
O'Brien W, Mount Gabriel (Galway 1994).
O'Brien W, Ixer Rand O'Sullivan M, 'Copper resources in prehistory', in P Crew and S Crew (eds), Early Mining in the British Isles (Maentwrog 1990), 30-5.
Pearson G W, Pilcher J R, Baillie M G L, Corbett D M and Qua F, 'High-precision 14C Measurement of Irish Oaks to show the Natural 14C Variations from AD 1840-5210 BC', Radiocarbon 28(2B) (1986), 911-34.
Pearson G Wand Stuiver M, 'High-precision Calibration of the Radiocarbon Timescale, 500-2500 BC', Radiocarbon 28(2B) (1986), 839-62.
Penhallurick R D, Tin in Antiquity (London 1986).
Rohl B M, The Application of Lead Isotope Analysis to Bronze Age Metallurgy in England (Doctoral Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995).
Pickin J, 'Stone tools and early metal mining in England and Wales', in P Crew and S Crew (eds), Early Mining in the British Isles (Maentwrog 1990), 39-42.
Sainter J D, The Jottings of some Geological, Archaeological, Botanical, Ornithological and Zoological Rambles around Macclesfield (Macclesfield 1878).
Shepherd R A, 'Hannibal the rock breaker', Minerals Industry International (September 1992), 30-47.
Slater E, 'Archaeometallurgy' in P Mellars (ed), Research Priorities in Archaeological Science (London 1987), 29-33.
Smith W D F, 'Bronze Age Copper Smelting in North Wales', Journal of the Trevithick Society 20 (1993), 55-8.
Stead I, 'The Cerrig-y-Drudion "Hanging Bowl" ,' Antiquaries Journal 62(2) (1982), 221-234.
Stuiver M and Pearson G W, 'High-precision Calibration of the Radiocarbon Time Scale, AD 1950-500BC', Radiocarbon 28(2B) (1986), 839-862.
Stuiver M and Polach HA, 'Discussion: Reporting of 14C data'. Radiocarbon 19(3) (1977), 355-63.
Stuiver M and Reimer P J, Users guide to the programs CALIB and DISPLAY, rev 2.1 (Washington 1987).
Thompson D B, 'Triassic rocks of the Cheshire Basin', in R.M. Egar and F.M. Broadhurst, Geology of the Manchester Area (London: Geologists' Association guide 7, 1991).
Thorburn JA, 'Early Mining in the Welsh Borders', in J Ellis-Jones (ed), Aspects of Ancient Mining and Metallurgy (Bangor 1988), 146-50.
Timberlake S, 'Excavations at an early copper mining site on Copa Hill, Cwmystwyth, Dyfed', Archaeology in Wales 30 (1990), 7-13.
Timberlake S, 'Prehistoric copper mining in Britain', Cornish Archaeology 31 (1992a), 15-34.
Timberlake S, 'Note on Llancynfelin Mine', Archaeology in Wales 32 (1992b), 90-1.
Timberlake S, 'Cwmystwyth, Wales: 3500 years of mining history- some problems of conservation and recording', Journal of the Russell Society 5(1) (1993), 49-53.
Timberlake S, 'Archaeological and Circumstantial Evidence for Early Mining in Wales', in T D Ford and L Willies (eds), Mining Before Powder (Matlock Bath 1994), 133-143.
Timberlake Sand Mighall T, 'Historie and prehistoric mining on Copa Hill, Cwmystwyth', Archaeology in Wales 32 (1992), 38-44.
Timberlake S and Switsur R, 'An Archaeological Investigation of Early Mineworkings on Copa Hill, Cwmystwyth: New Evidence for Prehistoric Dating', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 54 (1988), 329-33.
Todd M, 'Charterhouse on Mendip: interim report 1993', Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society, 137 (1993), 59-67.
Tylecote R F, Ghaznavi H A and Boydell PF, 'Partitioning of Trace Elements between the Ores, Fluxes, Slags and Metal during the Smelting of Copper', Journal of Archaeological Science 4 (1977), 305-33.
Willies L, 'Firesetting technology', in T D Ford and L Willies (ed), Mining Before Powder (Matlock Bath 1994), 1-8.
Willies L and Wayman M L, "The Peak District Mining Museum - Matlock Bath, Derbyshire', Canadian Institute of Mining Bulletin 79(888) (1986), 69-72.
Wren W J, The Tanat Valley (Newton Abbot 1968).
Ambers J, 'Radiocarbon, calibration and early rnining', in P Crew and S Crew (eds) Early Mining in the British Isles (Maentwrog 1990), 59-63.
Bamberger M and Wiencerz P, 'Ancient smelting of oxide copper ore', in B Rothenberg (ed), The Ancient Metallurgy of Copper (London 1990), 123-156.
Bewley RH, Longworth I H, Browne S, Huntley J P and Varndell G, 'Excavation of a Bronze Age Cemetery at Ewanrigg, Maryport, Cumbria', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58 (1992), 325-54.
Bick D, 'Note on the Darren Mine and its origins', Archaeology in Wales 28 (1988), 88.
Bick D and Davies P W, Lewis Morris and the Cardiganshire Mines (Aberystwyth 1994).
Bird J B, 'The 'Copper Man': A Prehistoric Miner and his Tools from Northern Chile', in E P Benson (ed) Pre-Columbian Metallurgy of South America (Dumbarton Oaks 1979), 105-32.
Blick C R, Early Metallurgical Sites in Great Britain (London 1991).
Briggs CS, 'Copper Mining at Mount Gabriel, Co. Cork: Bronze Age bonanza or post-Famine fiasco', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 49 (1983), 317-35.
Buchwald V Fand Mosdal G, Meteoritic iron, telluric iron and wrought iron in Greenland (Copenhagen 1985).
Buckley A and Earl B, 'Preliminary Report on the Tin and Iron Working Site at Crift Farm', Journal of the Trevithick Society 17 (1990), 66-77.
Budd P, 'Recasting the Bronze Age", New Scientist (October 1993), 33-7.
Budd P, Gale D, Pollard AM, Thomas R G, and Williams P A, 'The early development of metallurgy in the British Isles', Antiquity 66 (1992), 677-86.
Budd P, Gale D, Ixer RAF, and Thomas R G, 'Tin sources for prehistoric bronze production in Ireland', Antiquity 68 (1994), 518-24.
Budd P and Gale D, 'Archaeological survey of an early mine working at Wheal Coates, near St. Agnes, Cornwall', Cornish Archaeology 33 (1994), 14-21.
Craddock B, The experimental hafting of stone mining hammers, in P Crew and S Crew (eds) Early Mining in the British Isles (Maentwrog 1990), 58.
Craddock B, Notes on Stone Hammers, in T D Ford and L Willies (ed), Mining Before Powder (Matlock Bath, 1994), 28-30.
Craddock PT, 'Metalworking Techniques', in S Youngs (ed), The Work of Angels (London 1989).
Craddock PT, 'Copper Production in Bronze Age Britain', in C Eluere and J-P Mohen (eds), Decouverte du Metal (Paris 1991), 197-213.
Craddock PT, 'Copper Production in the Bronze Age of the British Isles', Bulletin of the Metals Museum of the Japan Institute of Metals 18(2) (1992a), 3-28.
Craddock P T, 'A Short History of Firesetting', Endeavour 16(3) (1992b), 145-9.
Craddock PT, 'Bronze Age Mining in the British Isles', in H Steuer and U Zimmermann (eds), Montanarchäologie in Europa (Sigmaringen 1993a), 37-56.
Craddock PT, 'Prehistoric Copper Mining and Smelting in Western Europe', in R Francovich (ed), Archeologia delle Attivita Estrattive e Metallurgiche (Firenze 1993b), 305-28.
Craddock PT, Early Mining and Meta[ Production (Edinburgh 1995).
Craddock P T and Craddock B R, The Inception of Metallurgy in South-west Britain: Hypotheses and Evidence, in Prehistoric Extractive Metallurgy in Cornwall (Truro forthcoming).
Craddock PT and Gale D, 'Evidence for Early Mining and Extractive Metallurgy in the British Isles', in E A Slater and J O Tate (eds), Science and Archaeology, Glasgow 1987 (Oxford 1988), 175-92.
Craddock PT and Meeks ND, 'Iron in Ancient Copper', Archaeometry 29 (1987), 187-204.
Crew P and Crew S (eds), Early Mining in the British Isles (Maentwrog 1990).
Dibben N J, 'Alderley Edge Mines: The Historic Period: - Exploration and Survey', National Trust Abstracts III (London 1994).
Dutton A and Fasham P J, 'Prehistoric copper mining on the Great Orme, Llandudno, Gwynedd', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 60 (1994), 245-86.
Fleming A, The Dartmoor Reeves (London 1988).
Ford T D and Willies L (eds), Mining Before Powder (Matlock Bath 1994).
Gale D, 'Prehistoric mining at Alderley Edge', Cheshire Past 2 (Chester 1993).
Gale D, 'Alderley Edge Mines: Prehistoric Copper Mining: the 1991 Project', National Trust Abstracts III (London 1994).
Gamer A, Prag J and Housley R, "The Alderley Edge Shovel', Current Archaeology 12(5) (1994), 172-75.
Gibson A, 'Excavations at the Sam-y-bryn caled Cursus Complex', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 60 (1994), 143-224, analyses in microfiche 34-5.
Greeves T, Dartmoor from the Air (Exeter 1985).
Greeves T, 'Tin stamping and smelting at Upper Merrivale Devon', in T D Ford and L Willies (eds) Mining Before Powder (Matlock Bath 1994), 76-80.
Guilbert G, 'Hammer Stones from Ecton Copper Mine', in T D Ford and L Willies (eds), Mining Before Powder (Matlock Bath 1994), 26-7.
Hicklin J, Handbook to Llandudno and its vicinity (London 1863).
Hubert F, 'Minieres neolithiques a Jandrain-Jandrenouille en Brabant', Archeologica Belgica 167 (1974), 5-45.
Jackson J S, 'Bronze Age copper mines on Mt. Gabriel, West County Cork, Ireland", Archaeologia Austriaca 43 (1968), 92-114.
Jackson J S, 'Metallic ores in Irish prehistory: copper and tin', in M Ryan (ed), The Origins of Metallurgy in Atlantic Europe (Dublin 1976), 107-125.
Jackson J S, 'Bronze Age copper mining in Counties Cork and Kerry, Ireland', in PT Craddock (ed), Scientific Studies in Early Mining and Extractive Metallurgy (London 1980), 9-30.
James D, 'Prehistoric Copper Mining on the Great Orme's Head', in J Ellis-Jones (ed), Aspects of Ancient Mining and Metallurgy (Bangor 1988), 115-21.
Jenkins DA and Johnson DB, 'Abandoned metal mines: a unique mineralogical and microbiological resource', Journal of the Russell Society 5 (1993), 40-4.
Jenkins DA, and Lewis CA, 'Prehistoric mining for copper in the Great Orme, Llandudno' in P Budd et al (eds), Archaeological Sciences 1989 (Oxford 1991), 151-61.
Jones O T, Lead and Zinc: The mining district of North Cardiganshire and West Montgomeryshire, Memoirs of the Geological Survey Special Reports on the Mineral Resources of Great Britain (London 1922).
Langenscheidt A, 'Bosquejo de la mineria prehispanica de Mexico', Quipu 2(1) (1985), 37-58.
Langenscheidt A, Historia Minima da Ja Mineria en Ja Sierra Gorda (Windsor, Mexico 1988).
Lewis A, 'Underground exploration of the Great Orme copper mines' in P Crew and S Crew (eds), Early Mining in the British Isles, (Maentwrog 1990), 5-10.
Lewis A, 'Bronze Age Mines of the Great Orme' in T D Ford and L Willies (eds), Mining Before Powder (Matlock Bath 1994), 31-6.
Lewis A, 'Early Mining at the Great Orme's Headland: some observations and implications', in Ore to Artefacts: Papers Given in Honour of H.N. Savory, (Cardiff forthcoming).
Lewis A and Wayman M L, 'The Great Orme Bronze Age Mining Centre', Canadian Institute of Mining Bulletin 85(961) (1992), 73-5.
Matheson I, 'Coniston field visit', in T D Ford and L Willies (eds), Mining Before Powder (Matlock Bath 1994), 113-5.
Maxfield VA (ed), Prehistoric Dartmoor in its Context (Torquay 1979).
McDonnell G, 'Further investigations at Crift Farm, Lanlivery', Journal of the Trevithick Society 20 (1993), 48-50.
Migal Wand Kaminski G, 'Ventilation of neolithic mines: an experimental study', Archeologie Aujourd'hui, Archaeolgie Experimentale 2 (nd), 146-52.
Mighall TM, 'Copa Hill, Cwmystwyth: Preliminary Paleoecological Observations', in P Crew and S Crew (eds) Early Mining in the British Isles (Maentwrog 1990), 65.
Mighall T M and Chambers FM, 'The environmental impact of ironworking at Bryn y Castell hillfort, Merioneth', Archaeology in Wales 29 (1989), 17-21.
Mighall TM, Blackford J J and Chambers FM, 'Bryn y Castell - Late Bronze Age clearances or climatic change?', Archaeology in Wales 30 (1990), 14-16.
Mighall TM and Chambers FM, 'The environmental impact of prehistoric mining at Copa Hill, Cymystwyth, Wales', The Holocene 3(3) (1993a), 260-4.
Mighall TM and Chambers FM, 'Early mining and metalworking: its impact on the environment', Historical Metallurgy 27(2) (1993b), 71-83.
Mook WG, 'Business meeting: Recommendations/Resolutions adopted by the 12th International Radiocarbon Conference', Radiocarbon 28(2B) (1986), 799.
Musson CR, The Breidden Hillfort (London 1991).
Musson CR and Northover J P, 'Llanmynech Hillfort', Montgomeryshire Collections 11 (1989), 15-26.
Musson CR, Britnell W, Northover J P and Salter C J, 'Excavations and metal-working at Llwyn Bryn-dinas hillfort, Llangedwyn, Clwyd', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58 (1992), 265-84.
Needham S P and Hook DR, 'Lead and lead alloys in the Bronze Age', in E A Slater and J O Tate (eds), Science and Archaeology Glasgow 1987 (Oxford 1988), 259-74.
Northover J P, 'The analysis of Welsh Bronze Age metalwork', in H N Savory, Guide Catalogue to the Bronze Age Collections of the National Museum of Wales (Cardiff 1980), 229-43.
O'Brien W, 'Early Metallurgy in Cork and Kerry', in E Shee-Twohig and M Ronayne (eds), Past Perceptions: the Prehistoric Archaeology of South-West Ireland (Cork 1993), 85-92.
O'Brien W, Mount Gabriel (Galway 1994).
O'Brien W, Ixer Rand O'Sullivan M, 'Copper resources in prehistory', in P Crew and S Crew (eds), Early Mining in the British Isles (Maentwrog 1990), 30-5.
Pearson G W, Pilcher J R, Baillie M G L, Corbett D M and Qua F, 'High-precision 14C Measurement of Irish Oaks to show the Natural 14C Variations from AD 1840-5210 BC', Radiocarbon 28(2B) (1986), 911-34.
Pearson G Wand Stuiver M, 'High-precision Calibration of the Radiocarbon Timescale, 500-2500 BC', Radiocarbon 28(2B) (1986), 839-62.
Penhallurick R D, Tin in Antiquity (London 1986).
Rohl B M, The Application of Lead Isotope Analysis to Bronze Age Metallurgy in England (Doctoral Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995).
Pickin J, 'Stone tools and early metal mining in England and Wales', in P Crew and S Crew (eds), Early Mining in the British Isles (Maentwrog 1990), 39-42.
Sainter J D, The Jottings of some Geological, Archaeological, Botanical, Ornithological and Zoological Rambles around Macclesfield (Macclesfield 1878).
Shepherd R A, 'Hannibal the rock breaker', Minerals Industry International (September 1992), 30-47.
Slater E, 'Archaeometallurgy' in P Mellars (ed), Research Priorities in Archaeological Science (London 1987), 29-33.
Smith W D F, 'Bronze Age Copper Smelting in North Wales', Journal of the Trevithick Society 20 (1993), 55-8.
Stead I, 'The Cerrig-y-Drudion "Hanging Bowl" ,' Antiquaries Journal 62(2) (1982), 221-234.
Stuiver M and Pearson G W, 'High-precision Calibration of the Radiocarbon Time Scale, AD 1950-500BC', Radiocarbon 28(2B) (1986), 839-862.
Stuiver M and Polach HA, 'Discussion: Reporting of 14C data'. Radiocarbon 19(3) (1977), 355-63.
Stuiver M and Reimer P J, Users guide to the programs CALIB and DISPLAY, rev 2.1 (Washington 1987).
Thompson D B, 'Triassic rocks of the Cheshire Basin', in R.M. Egar and F.M. Broadhurst, Geology of the Manchester Area (London: Geologists' Association guide 7, 1991).
Thorburn JA, 'Early Mining in the Welsh Borders', in J Ellis-Jones (ed), Aspects of Ancient Mining and Metallurgy (Bangor 1988), 146-50.
Timberlake S, 'Excavations at an early copper mining site on Copa Hill, Cwmystwyth, Dyfed', Archaeology in Wales 30 (1990), 7-13.
Timberlake S, 'Prehistoric copper mining in Britain', Cornish Archaeology 31 (1992a), 15-34.
Timberlake S, 'Note on Llancynfelin Mine', Archaeology in Wales 32 (1992b), 90-1.
Timberlake S, 'Cwmystwyth, Wales: 3500 years of mining history- some problems of conservation and recording', Journal of the Russell Society 5(1) (1993), 49-53.
Timberlake S, 'Archaeological and Circumstantial Evidence for Early Mining in Wales', in T D Ford and L Willies (eds), Mining Before Powder (Matlock Bath 1994), 133-143.
Timberlake Sand Mighall T, 'Historie and prehistoric mining on Copa Hill, Cwmystwyth', Archaeology in Wales 32 (1992), 38-44.
Timberlake S and Switsur R, 'An Archaeological Investigation of Early Mineworkings on Copa Hill, Cwmystwyth: New Evidence for Prehistoric Dating', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 54 (1988), 329-33.
Todd M, 'Charterhouse on Mendip: interim report 1993', Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society, 137 (1993), 59-67.
Tylecote R F, Ghaznavi H A and Boydell PF, 'Partitioning of Trace Elements between the Ores, Fluxes, Slags and Metal during the Smelting of Copper', Journal of Archaeological Science 4 (1977), 305-33.
Willies L, 'Firesetting technology', in T D Ford and L Willies (ed), Mining Before Powder (Matlock Bath 1994), 1-8.
Willies L and Wayman M L, "The Peak District Mining Museum - Matlock Bath, Derbyshire', Canadian Institute of Mining Bulletin 79(888) (1986), 69-72.
Wren W J, The Tanat Valley (Newton Abbot 1968).
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Recent progress in the study of early mining and metallurgy in the British Isles. (2022). Historical Metallurgy, 28(2), 69-83. https://hmsjournal.org/index.php/home/article/view/460
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Recent progress in the study of early mining and metallurgy in the British Isles. (2022). Historical Metallurgy, 28(2), 69-83. https://hmsjournal.org/index.php/home/article/view/460