An experimental tin smelt at Flag Fen
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Published
Jan 28, 2022
Abstract
Experimental bowl and shaft fumaces were constructed. Tin ore was smelted in the bowl fumace using bag bellows to supply the air. The process was relatively quick and simple to operate. Tin metal that was 99% pure was produced, with a yield of about 50%.
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References
Biek L et al, 'Tin ingots found at Praa Braege, in 1974', Cornish Archaeology 33 (1994), 57-70.
Craddock PT, The Smelting Process (p.180) in Early Metal Mining and Production (Edinburgh 1995).
Earl B, 'Melting tin in the West of England: Part 2', Historical Metallurgy 20(1) (1986), 17-32.
Earl B and Yener K A, 'Replication experiments of tin using crucibles, Göltepe 1992', IX Arkeometri Sonuclari Toplantisi (Ankara 1993), 163-75.
Gowland W, 'On the early metallurgy of copper, tin and iron in Europe', Archaeologia 56 (1899), 267-322.
Grant MR, 'Iron in Ancient Tin from Rooiberg, South Africa', Journal of Archaeological Science 21 (1994), 455-460.
Healy J F, Mining and Metallurgy in the Creek and Roman World (London 1978).
Percy J, The Metallurgy of Lead (London 1870).
Rostoker W, Piggot V C, and Dvorak J R, 'Direct reduction to copper metal by oxide-sulphide mineral interaction', Archaeomaterials 3(1) (1989), 69-87.
Tylecote R F, The Prehistory of Metallurgy in the British Isles (London 1986).
Craddock PT, The Smelting Process (p.180) in Early Metal Mining and Production (Edinburgh 1995).
Earl B, 'Melting tin in the West of England: Part 2', Historical Metallurgy 20(1) (1986), 17-32.
Earl B and Yener K A, 'Replication experiments of tin using crucibles, Göltepe 1992', IX Arkeometri Sonuclari Toplantisi (Ankara 1993), 163-75.
Gowland W, 'On the early metallurgy of copper, tin and iron in Europe', Archaeologia 56 (1899), 267-322.
Grant MR, 'Iron in Ancient Tin from Rooiberg, South Africa', Journal of Archaeological Science 21 (1994), 455-460.
Healy J F, Mining and Metallurgy in the Creek and Roman World (London 1978).
Percy J, The Metallurgy of Lead (London 1870).
Rostoker W, Piggot V C, and Dvorak J R, 'Direct reduction to copper metal by oxide-sulphide mineral interaction', Archaeomaterials 3(1) (1989), 69-87.
Tylecote R F, The Prehistory of Metallurgy in the British Isles (London 1986).
How to Cite
An experimental tin smelt at Flag Fen. (2022). Historical Metallurgy, 28(2), 121-128. https://hmsjournal.org/index.php/home/article/view/466
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How to Cite
An experimental tin smelt at Flag Fen. (2022). Historical Metallurgy, 28(2), 121-128. https://hmsjournal.org/index.php/home/article/view/466